• Coastal deltaic sedimentation and shoreline evolution were treated as key archives for reconstructing past landscapes, sea-level change, and stratigraphic architecture, with emphasis on delta recognition criteria, deltaic sedimentation, palaeogeography and regional stratigraphy across diverse locales [3], [11], [18], [20].

• Taxonomic and palaeoecological studies across multiple taxa were leveraged to infer historical ocean biogeography, biodiversity patterns, and ecosystem structure, using shells, nudibranchs, barnacles, algae and molluscs as proxies for past marine habitats [10], [14], [15], [16], [19].

• Regional lithology and tectonics provided the scaffolding for broad geoscience frameworks in marine contexts, integrating basaltic provinces, metamorphosed belts and lithostratigraphy to extend global models of crustal structure and paleoenvironmental interpretation [4], [5], [7], [9].

• Coral reef systems, climate forcing, and oceanographic structure appear as a core relational trend, with inquiries into Pleistocene glaciation effects on reefs, coral-atoll formation, and open-ocean dynamics shaping understanding of past marine environments [2], [6], [8].